Isesengura ry'ubwoko bw'ibikoresho n'imiterere yabyo bikwiriye ikoranabuhanga ryo kuzimya imirasire ya laser

I. Ibikoresho by'icyuma bya fer (ubu ni byo bikoreshwa cyane)

1. Icyuma giciriritse n'icy'ikaruboni nyinshi (ibipimo bya karuboni 0.3% ~ 0.8%), ibikoresho bisanzwe:

Ibyuma 45 (icyuma cy’imiterere ya karuboni iciriritse), cyagenwe nka S45C mu bipimo bya JIS, ASTM 1045/080M46, na DIN C45, ni icyuma cy’imiterere ya karuboni cyiza gifite ibi bikurikira: 0.42-0.50% karuboni (C), 0.17-0.37% silikoni (Si), 0.50-0.80% manganese (Mn), na ≤0.25% chromium (Cr). Iki gikoresho gifite ubushobozi bwo gukora neza cyane, gifite imiterere myiza ya mekanike, gifite ingirakamaro mu kugikoresha, kandi kiboneka ahantu henshi, bigatuma gikoreshwa cyane mu nganda. Ariko, imbogamizi yacyo nyamukuru iri mu kudakomera cyane, bigatuma kidakoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho bikenera ingano nini cyangwa ibipimo by’ubuhanga buhanitse.

Ibyuma bya T8: Icyuma cya eutectoid carbon tool gikora neza kandi kidapfa kwangirika nyuma yo kuzimya no gushyushya, nubwo gifite imbogamizi zirimo kudashyuha cyane, kudakomera neza, no kwangirika gukabije mu gihe cyo gukora. Iki gikoresho cyujuje ibisabwa bya GB/T 1298, kirimo ingano ya karuboni iri hagati ya 0.75% na 0.84%, bigatuma kiba cyiza mu gukora ibikoresho byoroshye byo gukonjesha n'ibyo gukata. Uburyo bwo kuzimya busaba gukonjesha amazi kuri 780-800℃°C, mu gihe kuzimya hejuru ya 250℃°C bitanga ubuziranenge buhamye. Ariko, ntabwo byemewe ku bikoresho bisaba ubudahangarwa bw'umutwaro.

Icyuma cya miliyoni 65: Igikoresho cy'icyuma gishyuha gifite imbaraga nyinshi nyuma yo kuvurwa ubushyuhe no gukomera gukonjesha, gitanga ubworoherane bwiza no gukonjesha. Mu gihe cy'imiterere imwe y'ubuso no gukomera cyane, umunaniro wacyo uhwanye n'uw'amasoko y'amabara atanu. Ariko, bitewe no kudakomera neza, gikoreshwa cyane cyane ku masoko mato nka amasoko ahindura umuvuduko/agenga umuvuduko, amasoko apima imbaraga, amasoko rusange y'uruziga/urukiramende, cyangwa amasoko y'icyuma akururwa n'insinga ku mashini nto. Ingaruka zo gukomera: Ubukomere bw'ubuso bugera kuri HRC 55-65 hamwe n'ubujyakuzimu bukomeye bwa 0.2 ~ 1.5mm, bufite imiterere imwe ya martensitic kandi burushaho gukomera (urugero, igihe cyo kwangirika cy'icyuma cya 45 cyiyongera inshuro 4-6 nyuma yo kuzimya). Bikwiriye ibikoresho, imigozi, n'ibice by'umugozi. Uburyo: Ingano ihagije ya karuboni ikora martensite nyinshi, inyura mu buryo bwuzuye mu gihe cyo gushyushya vuba hakoreshejwe laser kandi igahinduka burundu binyuze mu kuzimya ubwayo.

2. Icyuma cy'ubwubatsi cya Alloy (ongeraho Cr, Ni, Mo n'ibindi bintu), ibikoresho bisanzwe:

40Cr: (40Cr iri mu cyiciro cya "icyuma cy'imiterere y'icyuma" nk'uko bivugwa muri GB3077. Iki cyuma kirimo 0.37%-0.44% bya karuboni, kiri munsi gato y'icyuma cya 45, gifite ingano ya Si na Mn ingana. Kirimo 0.80%-1.10% bya Cr. Mu buryo bushyushye, iki cyuma cya Cr 1% ntabwo kigira icyo kigeraho, kuko imiterere yombi igaragaza imiterere isa ya mekanike. Bitewe nuko 40Cr igura hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'icyuma cya 45, ubukungu bukunze gutuma hakoreshwa ibyuma bya 45 aho kuba bishoboka.

35CrMo: 35CrMo ni kode igena imiterere y'icyuma cyubatswe mu byuma (icyuma cyazimye kandi gishyushye), gihuye n'ibipimo ngenderwaho by'Abadage 1.7220, ibipimo ngenderwaho by'Abongereza 708A37, ibipimo ngenderwaho by'Abafaransa 35CD4, nibindi, hakurikijwe ibipimo ngenderwaho bya GB/T 3077-2015. Ifite ingano ya karuboni ingana na 0.72%, ubushobozi buke bwo gusudira busaba gushyushya mbere. Iki cyuma gifite imbaraga nyinshi kandi gikomeye, gifite imbaraga zo gukurura ≥985MPa n'imbaraga zo gutanga ≥835MPa, gishobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe burambye kugeza kuri 500℃. Kirakwiriye mu gukora ibikoresho bya mekanike bifite imizigo myinshi nka za gearboxes, crankshafts, connecting rods, na steam turbine spindles mu nganda zikora.

20CrMnTi: Icyuma cya kaburimbo gifite ingano ya karuboni hagati ya 0.17% na 0.24%, gikoreshwa cyane mu gukora imodoka mu bikoresho byo gutwara abantu. Nk'icyuma gikonjesha giciriritse (Cr-Mn-Ti), kigaragaza gukomera ku buryo budasanzwe mu gihe kigumana gukomera ku bushyuhe buri hasi. Cyakorewe by'umwihariko mu gukonjesha kaburimbo hejuru, iki cyuma gifite ubushobozi bwo gukora neza cyane kandi gifite ubushobozi buke bwo kudahinduka no kudacika intege cyane. Ikoreshwa ryacyo ry'ibanze ririmo gukora ibice by'imigozi, ibice bya piston, n'ibice byihariye by'imodoka n'indege.

Ingaruka zo kuzimya: Ubukana bushobora kugera kuri HRC 60 ~ 70, uburebure bw'urwego rukomeye bushobora kuba 0.3 ~ 2mm, ibintu by'aloyi byongera ubukana no kudakira ingese (nk'ibikoresho bya 35CrMo nyuma yo kuzimya umunaniro imbaraga zongereweho 30%).

Icyitonderwa: Ingano nyinshi y'aloyi ishobora kugabanya igipimo cyo kwinjiza ingufu muri laser, bityo ni ngombwa kongera imikorere myiza y'ingufu binyuze mu kuvura umwijima (nk'ubushyuhe bwa fosfati n'ubukorikori).

3. Icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma (icyuma cy'imvi, icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gikozwe mu cyuma), ibikoresho bisanzwe:

HT300: ni ubwoko bw'icyuma cy'umukara gifite imbaraga nyinshi, gishyira mu bikorwa igipimo ngenderwaho cy'igihugu cya GB 9439-88, izina ryacyo "HT" rigaragaza icyuma cy'umukara, "300" bigaragaza ko imbaraga nkeya zo gukurura inkoni yo gupima ifite umurambararo wa mm 30 ari 300MPa.

QT600-3: QT600-3 ni icyuma gikozwe mu mubiri wa pearlitic, gifite imbaraga ziciriritse n'izikomeye, gikomeye kandi gikozwe mu buryo bwa plasticity, gifite imikorere myiza, kidashira neza kandi kidatuma ibintu bihindagurika, gifite imiterere myiza yo gucukura. Ishobora guhindura imiterere yayo binyuze mu buryo butandukanye bwo kuvura ubushyuhe.

Ingaruka zo kuzimya: Ubukana bw'ubuso bushobora kugera kuri 45 ~ 55 HRC, uburebure bw'urwego rukomeye bugera kuri 0.1 ~ 0.8 mm, kandi imiterere ya martensite + residual austenite ikorwa hirya no hino ku gice cya grafiti, ibyo byongera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya gusya (urugero, coefficient ya friction ya machine tool guide relier nyuma yo kuzimya igabanukaho 20%).

II. Ibyuma bitari fer n'ibyuma byabyo (ibice bishya bikoreshwa)

1. Aloyi ya Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V, nibindi)

Aloyi ya titaniyumu yerekeza ku bwoko butandukanye bw'ibyuma bikozwe muri titaniyumu n'ibindi byuma. Titaniyumu ni icyuma cy'ingenzi cyakozwe mu myaka ya 1950, gifite imbaraga za titaniyumu, kirwanya ingese, kirwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi.

Ibiranga ubukomere: Ubushyuhe bwa laser butuma habaho supersaturated martensite ku buso, kandi ubukana bwongerwa kuva kuri 300 HV kugera kuri 500 ~ 600 HV, mu gihe bugumana ubukomere bwiza (bukwiriye kongeramo icyuma gikoresha moteri).

  Ingorane za tekiniki: Aloyi ya titaniyumu ifite ubushobozi bwo kugarura urumuri bwa laser (hafi 70%), bityo hagomba gukoreshwa uburyo bwo kuvugurura ubuso mbere yo kubutunganya (nk'umucanga) cyangwa laser ya ultraviolet (uburebure bw'umuraba 355nm, ubushobozi bwo kugarura urumuri buri munsi ya 30%).

2. Aluminiyumu (uruhererekane rwa 2xxx, uruhererekane rwa 7xxx)

Iyi ni aloyi ishingiye kuri aluminiyumu irimo ibintu byiyongereyeho nka umuringa, silikoni, manyeziyumu, zinki, na manganese. Binyuze mu kuvugurura igipimo cy'ibice, ikora uruhererekane rwa 1XXX kugeza kuri 8XXX rukubiyemo aluminiyumu y'inganda n'aloyi ya aluminiyumu-umuringa. Sisitemu yayo ya kode ishingiye ku bintu bitanu by'ibanze birimo F (machining free) na O (annealing), hamwe n'amakode arambuye nka T6 atuma habaho kugenzura neza imbaraga n'ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese.

Uburyo bwo kuzimya: Gukomera kw'umuti ukomeye bigerwaho binyuze mu gushyushya vuba hakoreshejwe laser, kandi igice cyoroshye cya metastable kibaho nyuma yo kwikonjesha (urugero, ubukana bwa aloyi ya aluminiyumu ya 7075 bwiyongera kuva kuri 150 HV kugeza kuri 220 HV nyuma yo kuzimya).

Ibidashoboka mu ikoreshwa: Aluminiyumu ifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gutwara ubushyuhe (ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushyuhe ni hafi 200 W/m K), laser ifite ingufu nyinshi (≥2 kW) irakenewe kugira ngo ubushyuhe burusheho gukora neza, kandi byoroshye gutuma ubushyuhe buhinduka.

3. Aloyi z'icyuma (umuringa, umuringa)

Iyi ni alloy igizwe n'umuringa w'umwimerere hamwe n'ikintu kimwe cyangwa byinshi by'inyongera. Imikoreshereze: Gukomera kw'ubuso bw'ibice bidashobora kwangirika (urugero: bearingers, valves). Nyuma yo kuzimya hakoreshejwe laser, ubuso bukora imiterere ya nanocrystalline, byongera ubukana bwa 15% kugeza kuri 30%. Ariko, ubushyuhe bushyuha bugomba kugenzurwa kugira ngo hirindwe koroha kwa matrix y'umuringa.

III. Ibikoresho byihariye bikora

1. Ibikoresho by'ubutare bw'ifu (urugero, ibikoresho by'ubutare bw'ifu bishingiye ku cyuma n'umuringa) Ibyiza: Imiterere y'imyenge ishobora kubika amavuta yo kwisiga, ubuso bugakomera nyuma yo kuzimya hakoreshejwe laser. Ubukomere buriyongera kuva kuri 20-30 HRC kugera kuri 50-55 HRC, bigatuma biba byiza ku mabereti yisiga ubwayo.

2. Ibikoresho byo gusiga hejuru (urugero, irangi rishyuha n'iry'ibipfundikizo) Ibisanzwe bikoreshwa: Nyuma yo kuzimya irangi rya WC-Co risutswe ku byuma bya karuboni, hakorwa imiterere ya "martensite matrix + simated carbide phase", bigatuma ubukana burenga 1000 HV. Ibi bikoresho bikoreshwa mu bice bidashobora kwangirika by'imashini zicukura.

IV. Ibikoresho bidakwiye gukoreshwa mu kuzimya hakoreshejwe laser

Icyuma gikoresha karuboni nkeya (ingano ya karuboni Bitewe n’uko karuboni idahagije, impinduka ya martensitic ni ntoya, bigatuma ingaruka mbi zo gukomera (ubwiyongere bw’ubukomere

Icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma cya austenitic (urugero, 316L): Nta bushobozi bwo guhindura martensitic. Gushyushya hakoreshejwe laser bituma akazi gakomera ariko ubukana bugahita bugabanuka (hafi 15% -20%).