Kuzimya imirasire ya laser: udushya mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gusiga umubiri w'umuzingo intwaro zikomeye
Mu nganda zigezweho, ibikoresho byo kuzunguruka nka rollers zizunguruka, rollers zitwara, na silindiri zo kumisha ni inkingi y'umusaruro. Ibi bice bihora bihura n'umuvuduko mwinshi, gukururana gukomeye, ubushyuhe bwinshi, n'ibidukikije byangiza. Ubwiza bw'ubuso bw'ibi bice bugena mu buryo butaziguye imikorere myiza y'umusaruro, ubwiza bw'umusaruro, n'igihe umara. Uburyo gakondo bwo gukomeresha ubuso nko kuzimya umuriro no gukomera, nubwo bukoreshwa cyane, bukunze guhura n'ibibazo birimo guhindagurika gukomeye, gukwirakwiza ubukana butaringaniye, no gukoresha ingufu nyinshi. Ivuka ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo kuzimya umuriro rya laser ryagaragaye nk'ikintu cyahinduye ibintu, rihindura uburyo bwo gukomeza ubuso bw'urumuri binyuze mu byiza byaryo bidasanzwe byo gukora neza cyane, guhindagurika guke, no gukora neza cyane.
I. Ihame ry'ingenzi: Ihuriro ry'ingufu n'ibintu by'ingenzi mu buryo bwihuse
Kuzimya imirasire ya laser, izwi kandi nka laser phase-change hardening, ni inzira yo gukomeza ubuso ikoresha imirasire ya laser ifite ingufu nyinshi nk'isoko y'ubushyuhe kugira ngo ishyushye vuba ubuso bw'ibikoresho hanyuma yikonjeshe ubwayo. Iyo ikoreshejwe ku mirasire, ihame rishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu mu buryo bwiza:
1. Gutera ingufu neza: Umurabyo wa laser (ubusanzwe CO2 cyangwa fibre laser) icungwa binyuze muri sisitemu y'urumuri ikora ahantu hakomeye cyane, hakora nk'"uburoso bw'ubumaji" butagaragara busuzuma neza ubuso bw'urumuri. Mu masegonda make, ingufu za laser zinjira mu cyuma kiri ku buso bw'urumuri, bigatuma ubushyuhe bwarwo buzamuka cyane ho dogere selisiyusi zirenga 10.000 ku isegonda. Uku kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe bwihuse kurusha aho ibintu bihinduka (Ac3), bigahindura ibikoresho mu buryo bwa austenitic. Bitewe n'igihe gito cyane cyo kugaragara, ubushyuhe ntibushobora kwinjira mu bice byimbitse, bigatuma urwego ruto gusa (ubusanzwe 0.1-1.5mm) rushyuha mu gihe igice cy'imbere kiguma ku bushyuhe buke.
2. Impinduka y'icyiciro ako kanya: Iyo umurabyo wa laser ukuweho, inzira yo gushyushya irahagarara mu buryo butunguranye. Ubushyuhe bukabije butera ubushyuhe bwihuse buva hejuru bujya ku gice cy'ubushyuhe buke, bigatuma ubushyuhe bukonja bwa 10⁴-10⁶°C/s. Iyi ngaruka yihuta cyane yo kwikonjesha ibuza austenite gukura carbides, ahubwo ihinduka imiterere myiza cyane ya martensitic. Nk'imwe mu miterere ikomeye kandi idashira mu byuma, martensite isobanura uburyo butangaje bwo kongera ubukana bw'ubuso bugerwaho binyuze mu kuzimya laser.
3. Imiterere ya "Gukomera kw'Inyuma no Gukomera kw'Imbere": Amaherezo, umubiri w'ikizingo ugera ku miterere myiza. Ubuso bwacyo bufite urwego rwa martensitic ruramba rufite ubukana bwa 15%-20% ugereranyije n'icyuma gisanzwe cyazimye, mu gihe igice cyo hagati gikomeza gukomera no gukomera kwacyo kw'umwimerere. Iyi miterere yihariye "y'imbere ikomeye kandi ikomeye" ituma ikizingo gishobora kwihanganira kwangirika gukomeye no kwihanganira imitwaro ikomeye, bikarinda ingaruka mbi zose zo kuvunika.
II. Uburyo: Imikorere y'ubwenge ijyanye n'ubuhanga
Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo kuzimya imirasire ya laser ku mubiri munini w’urukiramende si ugukoresha imirasire gusa, ahubwo ni ubuhanga bwo gukoresha neza uburyo bwo gupima urumuri, imashini n’amashanyarazi. Inzira nyamukuru ni iyi ikurikira:
1. Gutunganya mbere: Gusukura no kongera ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza urumuri: Igice cy'umuzingo kigomba gusukurwa neza mbere yo kuzimya. Ubwa mbere, ibintu byanduye ku buso nk'ibisigazwa by'amavuta, imiterere ya okiside, n'imyanda bikurwaho neza binyuze mu gusya umucanga cyangwa gusya neza kugira ngo habeho ubuso busukuye kandi burabagirana. Intambwe ya nyuma y'ingenzi irimo gukoresha irangi ryihariye rifata urumuri. Bitewe n'uko icyuma gifite ubushobozi bwo kugarura urumuri ku mashini zikoresha uburebure bw'umuraba, iri rangi rituma ingufu za laser ziyongera cyane (kuva kuri 40% kugeza hejuru ya 80%), rituma ubushyuhe bushobora koherezwa neza kandi bungana.
2. Kugenzura ibikorwa: porogaramu no gushakisha neza:
Gutegura Inzira: Hashingiwe ku miterere ya geometrike y'umuzingo (urugero, uruziga cyangwa imiterere y'inyuguti) n'ibisabwa mu kuzimya (nk'imiterere y'umuzenguruko uhoraho, imiterere y'urukuta, cyangwa uturere dufite ishusho y'umurongo), mudasobwa igena inzira umutwe wa laser ugendamo n'umuvuduko wo kuzenguruka.
Igenzura ry’Uburyo bw’Ibipimo: Ibipimo by’ingenzi by’imikorere —— Ingufu za laser (P), umuvuduko wo gushakisha (V), n’ingano y’agace (D) —— birapimwa neza. Guhuza ibi bintu bitatu (ubucucike bw’ingufu ≈ P/(V·D)) bigena neza ubujyakuzimu n’ubukomere bw’urwego rukomeye. Igikorwa cyose gikorwa mu buryo bwikora na sisitemu ya CNC, bigatuma habaho gusubiramo no guhuza ibintu mu buryo budasanzwe.
Gukurikirana no Gutanga ibitekerezo mu buryo bwihuse: Sisitemu zigezweho zifite ibikoresho byo kugenzura mu buryo bwihuse nka thermometers za infrared kugira ngo zikurikirane ubushyuhe bwa pisine ishongeshejwe. Ibi bituma habaho guhindura ako kanya imbaraga za laser binyuze mu buryo bwo gutanga ibitekerezo, bikarinda gutwika cyane cyangwa gushonga mu gihe bikomeza kugira ireme rihamye ryo kuzimya.
3. Nyuma yo kuvura: Gusuzuma no gushyushya: Nyuma yo kuzimya, kuraho gusa ibisigazwa by'ibisigazwa ku buso ukoresheje amazi cyangwa alcool. Gupima ubukana, gupima uburebure, no gusesengura ibyuma bya metallographic ku bice bikomeye ni ibikorwa by'ingenzi. Nubwo kuzimya hakoreshejwe laser bitanga umuvuduko muto, ku bice bifite ibyuma bito cyane, gushyushya ubushyuhe buke bishobora gukoreshwa kugira ngo bikureho imivuduko isigaye no gushimangira imiterere y'ibice.
III. Ibyiza bya tekiniki n'amahirwe yagutse yo gukoresha
Ugereranyije n'uburyo busanzwe bwo kuzimya imigozi, kuzimya imigozi hakoreshejwe laser byagaragaje inyungu nyinshi mu kongera imbaraga mu gushimangira imigozi:
Kugenzura neza: bishobora kugera ku kuzimya neza ubujyakuzimu ubwo aribwo bwose buri hagati ya 0.1-2.0mm, no guhitamo gushimangira ahantu hagoye nk'imirongo n'inkombe.
Ihindagurika ry’imashini ni rito cyane: imiterere y’ "ingufu nto zinjira mu bushyuhe n’umuvuduko wo gukonjesha vuba" ituma ihindagurika ry’ubushyuhe bw’igikoresho cy’akazi riba rito cyane, kandi mu bihe byinshi, rishobora guteranywa nyuma yo kuzimya, bigatuma ritagenda neza kandi rigatunganywa mu buryo bwa kabiri.
Imikorere myiza cyane: imiterere ya martensite nziza cyane yabonetse ifite ubukana bwinshi, irangirika neza kandi irwanya ingese, kandi igihe cyo kuyikoresha gishobora kongerwaho inshuro 1-3.
Ifite icyatsi kibisi kandi ikora neza: nta mpamvu yo kuzimya (amazi, peteroli), nta mwanda uhumanya; ikoreshwa ry'ingufu nke, urwego rwo hejuru rw'imikorere ikora, hakurikijwe igitekerezo cy'inganda zigezweho zikora ibikomoka ku bidukikije.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo kuzimya imirasire ya laser ubu ryakoreshejwe cyane mu nganda nyinshi, harimo inganda zikora ibikoresho by'icyuma, imashini zikora impapuro, uburyo bwo gucapa no gusiga amarangi, ndetse n'ibice by'ingenzi mu gukora plastiki no gukora rabha. Uretse gukora ibicuruzwa bishya, ubu buryo bushya bugaragara cyane cyane mu bijyanye no kuvugurura no kongera gukora rola. Butanga ubuzima bushya ku mashini zishaje zigiye gusezera, bigatuma habaho agaciro gakomeye mu bukungu binyuze mu bushobozi bwazo bwo guhindura ibintu.
IV. Umwanzuro
Ikoranabuhanga ryo kuzimya imirasire ya laser, binyuze mu kugenzura neza ingufu n'ibikoresho, riha inganda "intwaro" ziramba kandi zikomeye. Iri terambere ntirigaragaza gusa iterambere rikomeye mu buhanga bwo hejuru, ahubwo rinakora nk'igikoresho gikomeye cyo guhindura inganda mu cyerekezo cyo hejuru, cy'ubwenge, kandi kirengera ibidukikije. Hamwe no kugabanuka guhoraho kw'ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho bya laser no gukura kw'imikorere y'inganda, iri koranabuhanga rizarushaho kwinjira muri buri gice cy'umusaruro w'inganda, rigakomeza gukomeza imbaraga zo gukomera no kuramba kw'imikorere y'inganda zigezweho.