Itandukaniro riri hagati y'ifu ishingiye ku cyuma n'ifu ishingiye kuri nikeli yo gupfuka imirasire ya laser
Mu gupfuka ibice by'icyuma gikozwe muri laser, guhitamo ifu ishingiye ku cyuma n'ifu ishingiye kuri nikeli bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere, ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho ndetse n'igiciro cy'urwego rw'icyuma gipfuka. Itandukaniro nyamukuru hagati y'ibyo byombi rigaragarira mu miterere, imikorere, uburyo ibintu bihinduka n'uburyo bikoreshwa, nk'uko bikurikira:
1. Itandukaniro mu bikoresho
| Ubwoko bw'ifu | Ibikoresho by'ingenzi | Ibintu bisanzwe byo guteranya |
| Ifu ishingiye ku cyuma | Hashingiwe kuri Fe (ibikubiye muri Fe ubusanzwe ni > 50%) | Akenshi iba irimo Cr, Ni, Mo, Si, B, nibindi (nk'uburyo bwa Fe-Cr-Ni-Mo, uburyo bwa Fe-Si-B) |
| Ifu ishingiye kuri nikeli | Hashingiwe kuri Ni (ibikubiye muri Ni ubusanzwe ni > 50%) | Akenshi iba irimo Cr, Mo, W, Co, Si, B, nibindi (nk'uburyo bwa Ni-Cr-Mo, uburyo bwa Ni-Cr-B-Si) |
2. Kugereranya Imikorere y'Ishingiro
1) Imiterere ya mekanike
Ifu ishingiye ku cyuma:
• Ubukomere bwinshi (HRC 30-60, hamwe n'uburyo bwo guhindura imiterere, Cr nyinshi, ubwoko bwa Mo bushobora kugera kuri HRC 50 cyangwa hejuru), burwanya kwangirika neza;
• Imbaraga zegeranye n'iza matrix y'icyuma gishongeshejwe (imbaraga zo gukurura 500-1000MPa), ibyuma bihuye neza n'icyuma gishongeshejwe, kandi imbaraga zo guhuza hagati y'urwego rwo gupfuka na matrix ni nyinshi (ubusanzwe >300MPa);
• Imiterere y’uburibwe buringaniye kandi ifite ubukana bwinshi ishobora kugira ubushobozi bwo kwangirika (uburyo bwo gupfuka bugomba kugenzurwa kugira ngo igabanye umuvuduko).
Ifu ishingiye kuri nikeli:
• Ubukomere buringaniye (HRC 20-45, ubwoko bw'ibumba buke buraryoshye, ubwoko bwa Cr bwinshi, W bushobora kugera kuri HRC 40-50), ariko bukomera cyane, burwanya ingaruka neza kurusha ifu ishingiye ku cyuma;
• Ingufu zo gukurura zigabanukaho gato ugereranyije n'ifu ishingiye ku cyuma kinini (400-800MPa), ariko ipfundo ry'icyuma rirushaho kuba ryiza (uburebure > 10%, ifu ishingiye ku cyuma ubusanzwe iba
• Ingufu zo gufatanya zigabanuka gato ukoresheje icyuma gishongeshejwe (ubusanzwe 200-300MPa), ariko ubushobozi bwo gucikamo ibice buke, ntabwo byoroshye gutuma habaho gucikamo ibice bikonje (kubera gukomera no kudakomera cyane kwa nikeli).
2) Ubudahangarwa bw'inkongi
Ifu ishingiye ku cyuma: irwanya ingese hagati. Ifu isanzwe ishingiye ku cyuma (Cr nke) irwanya ingese mu kirere no mu mazi meza, ariko ikunze kwangirika mu duce duto twa aside na alkaline. Ubwoko bwa Cr nyinshi (Cr ifite ubunini > 12%) yarushijeho kwangirika, ariko ntabwo ari nziza nk'ifu ishingiye kuri nikeli.
Ifu ishingiye kuri nikeli: Irwanya ingese neza, cyane cyane mu bidukikije birimo ubushyuhe bwinshi, ubushuhe, aside na alkaline (nk'aside organic, alkaline nke) (kuko Ni na Cr bikora firime ya okiside nyinshi), ikwiriye ibidukikije birimo ingese.
3) Kurwanya ubushyuhe
Ifu ishingiye kuri feri: irwanya ubushyuhe muri rusange, ubushyuhe bw'igihe kirekire busanzwe buri
Ifu ishingiye kuri nikeli: irwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, ishobora gukora neza mu bushyuhe buri hejuru ya 600-1000℃ (nk'ifu ishingiye kuri nikeli irimo Cr na W, irwanya ogisijeni neza kandi irwanya umunaniro w'ubushyuhe).
4) Guhuza na matrix y'icyuma gishongeshejwe
Ifu ishingiye ku cyuma: yegereye urugero rw'ubushyuhe bw'icyuma gishongeshejwe (Fe-based) (ifu ishingiye ku cyuma ni hafi 11-14×10⁻⁶/℃, icyuma gishongeshejwe ni hafi 10-12×10⁻⁶/℃), ubushyuhe buke mu gihe cyo gupfuka, ntabwo byoroshye gucika bitewe n'itandukaniro ry'ubushyuhe (cyane cyane bibereye urwego runini rwo gupfuka).
Ifu ishingiye kuri nikeli: Ingano y'ubushyuhe iri hejuru cyane (hafi 13-16 × 10⁻⁶/℃), itandukanye gato n'icyuma gishongeshejwe. Biroroshye gucika bitewe n'ubushyuhe bukabije mu gihe cyo gupfuka, ibyo bikaba bigomba kugabanywa no gushyushya mbere, gukonjesha buhoro cyangwa gupfuka mu byiciro.
3. Itandukaniro mu guhuza ibikorwa
Ifu ishingiye ku cyuma:
• Ubushobozi buke bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe laser, ubushyuhe buri hagati mu gice cy'amazi gishongeshejwe, byoroshye gukora urwego rufunganye;
• Irimo ibintu bikuraho ogisijeni nka Si na B, ifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira imyanda nka C na S mu cyuma gikozwe mu cyuma (ntibyoroshye gukora imyenge);
• Igipimo cyo gushonga k'urwego rwo gupfunyika (igice cy'icyuma cy'ibanze kivanze n'urwego rwo gupfunyika) kiragoye kugenzura, akenshi kigenzurwa kuri 10%-20% (cyane cyane gishobora kugabanya ubukana).
Ifu ishingiye kuri nikeli:
• Igipimo cyo hejuru cyo kwinjizamo laser, uburyo bworoshye bwo gushonga mu kidendezi (cyane cyane ifu ishingiye kuri nikeli irimo B na Si), byoroshye kugeraho mu buryo bworoshye kandi bungana bwo gupfuka;
• Ifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira C mu byuma bicukurwa. Iyo matrix ifite ingano nyinshi ya karuboni (nk'icyuma cy'umukara), biroroshye gukora ibice byoroshye (nk'imiyoboro ya karuboni) bitewe n'uko C ikwirakwira mu gice cyo hejuru cy'icyuma. Ni ngombwa kugenzura neza ibipimo bya laser (nk'ukugabanya imbaraga no kongera umuvuduko wo gushakisha) kugira ngo ugabanye igipimo cyo gucukurwa (ubusanzwe gisabwa kuba kiri munsi ya 10%);
• Biroroshye gukorana na sulfur (S) mu cyuma gishongeshejwe kugira ngo habeho eutectic ishongesha cyane (nk'iya Ni₃S₂), bigatuma habaho gucika kw'ubushyuhe. Ni ngombwa kugenzura ko sulfide zo hejuru zikurwaho mu gihe cyo gutunganya ibice by'icyuma gishongeshejwe mbere.
4. Ibiciro n'uburyo bwo kubikoresha
| Ingano | Ifu ishingiye ku cyuma | Ifu ishingiye kuri nikeli |
| Ikiguzi | Hasi (hafi 1/3-1/2 by'ifu ishingiye kuri nikeli), ihendutse | Hejuru (kubera igiciro kiri hejuru cya Ni metal), igitutu gihenze cyane |
| Ibintu bifatika bishobora kubaho | 1. Imiterere y'akazi isaba kudashira cyane no kudashira neza (nk'imigozi y'imashini iyobora ibikoresho no gusana imigozi); 2. Gusana cyangwa gukomeza ubuso bw'ibice by'icyuma bihendutse kandi binini; 3. Ibisabwa ku bice binini byo gupfuka (> 2mm) (nk'isana ry'ibice binini by'icyuma). | 1. Imiterere y'akazi isaba kurwanya ingese nyinshi no kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi (nk'ibikoresho bya chimique, valves zikoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi); 2. Ibintu bisaba gukomera cyane no kudakora neza (nk'amenyo y'ibikoresho, inyundo zo gusya); 3. Gupfuka neza ibice by'icyuma bifite inkuta nto cyangwa imiterere igoye (nk'ibibumbano, ibice by'amazi). |
Incamake
• Ifu ishingiye ku cyuma niyo ikundwa cyane: iyo habayeho igiciro gito kandi idasaza cyane, kandi imikorere idasaba ingese ikomeye cyangwa ubushyuhe bwinshi (nk'uko gusana ibice bisanzwe bya mekanike).
• Ifu ishingiye kuri nikeli niyo ikundwa cyane: iyo hakenewe imbaraga zo kurwanya ingese, imbaraga zo kurwanya ubushyuhe cyangwa imbaraga nyinshi, kandi ibiciro biri hejuru bikaba byemewe (nk'ingufu zo gushimangira ibyuma bikozwe neza mu gihe cy'akazi kadasanzwe).
